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Bonanza King Mine & Mill - Providence California - Historic Mining Town

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Providence, California - Historic Mining Town

Providence California is a historic mining town located in the Mojave Desert on the east slope of the Providence Mountains and is within the Mohave National Preserve.  The founding of this historic town dates back to the spring of 1880, when silver was discovered at what would soon be known as the Bonanza King Mine.  While the area was even "remote" back then, the mine was very prolific.  Newspapers of that time write that the mine produced it's $1 millionth dollar of silver after 18 month and ten days of operations. 

Boom Times:  1882-1885

In 1882, the mine's founders sold the Bonanza King claims to the Bonanza King Consolidated Mining & Milling Company of New York, whom expanded the operation to include a mill and then, in 1884, listed their shares on the New York Stock exchange.   Back then, the milling operation took place at the company's newly constructed 10-stamp mill located at a spring on Juan Domingo’s ranch, a mile and a half east of Providence.  This milling camp was known as "Crow Town"

Meanwhile, Providence thrived. A post office was established in June of 1882, and in October 1882, the county supervisors created an election precinct. By early 1883, "the camp" had 300 residents. The business district contained the post office, several mining-company offices, two general stores, two hotels (with livery stables), a saloon, a contractor, a blacksmith and wagon maker, a deputy sheriff, and a United States mineral surveyor. 

Tough Times - 1885-1894

Meanwhile, the price of silver continued to slip. After paying dividends through early 1885, the Bonanza King suspended work in March.   When the company reopened the mine a week later, it hired 15 men—at $3 a day—and hired others as fast as they could apply: 40 men in the mine and 35 in the mill when it started up several months later.

  • But in late July 1885, the mill burned. The company discharged most of its workers. Although it cleared away the debris, the Bonanza King never rebuilt its mill.

  • Price were super low but the company did reopened the mine in early 1886 and keep at least 20 men at work, but it seems that they shut the operation down about then.  At the nearby Kerr and Patton property (Perseverance Mine??), however, Godfrey Bahten, a widely traveled mining man, built a five-stamp mill, which started up in January of 1887. The Kerr and Patton claim was worked until at least 1890; it reportedly paid good dividends. However, the price of silver continued to decline.   The post office was discontinued in May of 1892, although a store or saloon remained in business at least into 1893. 

  • Anyway the “Panic of 1893”, the resulting US “depression”, and the collapse of the silver markets took its toll on the town and mine. 

  • Many of the miner left to exploit the more profitable “gold deposits” found to the providence mountains to the south west.   In February 1894,  gold was discovered 9 miles south of Providence at Hidden Hill.  Gold was hot, silver was not!

Silver's Decline & Fate

 

To understand the decline of the "Silver Markets" one must understand the then US monetary policy.  At this time in history in the USA, silver coins were minted at $1 per once while Gold coins mined at $20 per once. Anyone who had "raw gold", could go to the US mint and essentially "exchange raw gold" for gold coins.  However, silver did not work that way.  Hence, this policy and the price of Silver, Gold and "monetary policy" was a hot political issue.   Also, because large amounts of silver were being discovered and mined (in the west), the US "money supply" began to expand and "inflation" was high.  Eastern interests, trading with an increasingly gold standard–based world, wanted gold money.  Western interests, and particularly mining interests, wanted silver money.  In 1890, the US government passed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act  which required the US government to purchase silver, but the plan backfired and resulted in a sharp decrease in US gold reserves as silver was exchanged for currency then currency was exchanged for gold.  The Sherman Silver Purchase Act was repealed in 1893 but not before it caused the "Panic of 1893" with

  • Runs on the banks and bank failures (500 banks failed, many in the west).

  • Over 15,000 companies went bankrupt, including many of the RRs - Northern Pacific Railway, the Union Pacific Railroad, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, as well as the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, all failed!

  • Unemployement - about 17%-19% of the workforce was unemployed at the Panic's peak

  • With the huge spike in unemployment, combined with the loss of life savings by failed banks, meant that a once secure middle class could not meet their mortgage obligations. As a result, many walked away from recently built homes.

Against this backdrop, in this hotly contested 1896 US presidential election, the "pro silver" presidential candidate lost to the "pro gold" candidate William McKinley.  After that silver was "doomed".  Conceptually, there was an entire industry developed to extract a metal for which there were no real markets. 
 

1906 -1908 The Trojan Mining Company & the Return of Thomas Ewing

In 1906 there was a serious, yet failed attempt to reactivate the Bonanza King Mine.   A ten stamp mill was erected.
 The Trojan Mining Company built a gasoline-powered, 10-stamp mill and worked the Bonanza King Mine from 1906 through September of 1907, but the stock market crashed a few weeks later. Meanwhile, Thomas Ewing (formally of the defunked Bonanza Mining Company) had returned, from Arizona, and set up a small camp, where a short-lived voting precinct was established in May of 1908. 

WWI "Revival" & the late 1910's

However, in 1912, "the Barstow Printer" reported the the mine was being worked by a 12 working the mine and the mill was starting up in a week.   June of 1914, a global war started in Europe and silver price increased.  In 1915, the Hall-Rawister & Company, of Massachusetts, rebuilt the mill, reopened the mine, and hired 30 men; work went on round the clock. The presence of five families gave the place “a more charming appearance.” The company installed an electric-light plant, a water line, gasoline engines, and the most modern hoisting and milling equipment. Two trucks made daily trips to Fenner. During the next few years, the company reopened several shafts, as far as 800 feet, and was taking out very rich ore. But when World War I ended, the price of silver again declined, to $1.01. The company suspended work in July of 1920.

1923 -1924 Attempt

In 1923, the property was leased to the Bonanza King Consolidated Mines Company, and 6 men were employed, working on the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth levels. One carload of ore was shipped in May, 1924. 103

Location

The historic Providence town site is located at 4300 feet on the eastern slope of the Providence mountains. 

  • 10 mile east of Kelso and the National Park Service Visitor Center for the Mojave National Preserve, a 1.6 million acre area.

  • 3 mile north of the "Mitchell Cave" Visitor Center and "Providence State Recreation Area", a ___ acre state park administered by the National Park Service.  

  • 16 miles northwest of the Essex Road exit on Interstate 40.  75 miles from Vegas; 150 mile from Los Angeles.  56 miles west of Needles, 116 miles east of Barstow.

 The 7IL Ranch Road is the preferred road for the Providence Historic Townsite and Bonanza King Mine.

 

Crow Town
The company erected a 10-stamp mill at a spring on Juan Domingo’s ranch, a mile and a half from Providence. (The milling camp was known as Crow Town.) commenced operations January 1883. At the mill a town named Crow Town
 

Gold Standard - In Europe and America
Again back to money.  To understand the development of "the west" and the events surrounding silver mining, one must understand the importance of gold and it's relationship with silver. 
  • 1695  the UK adopted a gold standard for the settlement of international trade debt.  The UK was the most powerful empire in the world. 
  • 1818 Netherlands adopt a gold standard
  • 1854 Portugal adopted a gold standard
  • 1865 France, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy agree to the "Latin Monetary Union" and a "silver & gold standard" that fixed the exchange ratio at 15.5 of silver to 1 of gold.
  • 1868 Italy and Greece joined the Latin Monetary Union - the Silver/Gold standard
  • 1881 Germany emerged from the Franco Prussian war and adopted a gold standard. 
  • 1873 - Europe experienced a glut of silver which was being exchanged for exchanged for gold.  By the end of 1873, the crisis was in full bloom.   On January 30, 1874, the members of the Latin Monetary Union repealed the free exchangeability of silver for gold on a temporary basis but this temporary suspension eventually became permanent in 1878.  Anyway, as a practical matter, Europe went to a "defacto gold standard" in 1873.
  • 1873.  In early 1973, the USA enacted a the Coinage Act of 1873.  The law brought US silver coins inline with the Latin Monetary Standard and thus US silver coins to be more heavy for any give currency amount.  It also fixed the ratio at 16 to one.  Because the law regulated the free transferability of silver to gold, the law embraced the gold standard and de-monetized silver.  Western mining interests and others who wanted silver in circulation labeled this measure the "Crime of '73".  This measure was a contributing factor to the subsequent depression that ravaged America from 1873-78.
  • 1878.  The U.S. Government finally caved to the pressure from the western states (anything west of the Appalachian Mountains was a western state in 1878) and agreed to allowed the U.S. Treasury to purchase between $2 and 4 million of silver per month.
  • 1890 Replaced by the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890.

Conceptually, where this all go it to the concept that it was extremely difficult to have a "bi-metal" standard.  This is intuitive.  If there is 16 times more silver that gold at one moment in time, then perhaps gold is 16 times more valuable (conceptually) However, if the supply of silver increase because large new supplies are found, then the conceptually you might have a metal that is 40 times more rare but only 16 times more valuable.  (MAKES NO SENSES)

The big take away, is the British were quite on to something back in 1695 adopting a gold standard.  They still had silver coins but that was sort of a domestic thing and they were not freely transferable into Gold. 

 

Important Dates in California History

1769.  The beginning of the Mission Period (1769 – 1833)  

  • The Spanish began establishing Franciscan Mission along the 600 mile long "El Comino Real" (Spanish for "The Royal Highway," though often referred to as " The King's Highway" also known as the California Mission Trail.  Tradition has it that the padres sprinkled mustard seeds along the trail in order to mark it with bright yellow flowers.  Heavy freight movement was practical only via water. By 1821, there were 21 Franciscan Alta California missions along the "El Comino Real" .  Each approximately 30 miles apart, so that they were separated by one day's long ride on horseback. By 1819, Spain decided to limit its "reach" in the New World to Northern California due to the costs involved in sustaining these remote outposts; the northernmost settlement therefore is Mission San Francisco Solano, founded in Sonoma in 1823. An attempt to found a twenty-second mission in Santa Rosa in 1827 was aborted.
  • Four presidios, strategically placed along the California coast and organized into separate military districts, served to protect the missions and other Spanish settlements in Upper California.  1776, the Spanish settled San Francisco, establishing a fort at the Golden Gate and a mission named for Francis of Assisi.

1784.  Three of the largest original ranchos by the Spanish King Carlos III were - Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana, Rancho San Pedro, Rancho Los Nietos.  Although commonly referred to as "land grants", Spanish concessions permitted settlement and granted grazing rights on specific tracts of land, while retaining title with the crown; many of these properties were subsequently patented under Mexican law. 

September 16, 1810.  The beginning of the  Mexican War of Independence  (1810 - 1821)

1812.  Russian colonization of America reaches it southern most point with the establishment of Fort Ross, some 50 miles north of San Francisco.  Russian explorers and settlers were active with establishing trading posts from Aleutian Islands, Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and as far south as Fort Ross in northern California.  El Presidio Real de Sonoma, or Sonoma Barracks, was established at Sonoma, California in 1836 by Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo (the "Commandante-General of the Northern Frontier of Alta California") as a part of Mexico's strategy to halt Russian incursions into the region.  Fort Ross closed in 1841 and sold to John Sutter,

1812? according to wikipedia, evidence suggests that gold had previously been found in the Rancho San Francisco area many as thirty years prior tot he "1842 Lopez discovery"

1821.  Mexico gains independence from Spain.  The end of the  Mexican War of Independence  (1810 - 1821).  This was a armed conflict between the people of Mexico and Spanish colonial authorities started on September 16, 1810.  .  Estimated 15,000 deaths. 450,000 wounded pro-independence insurgent supporters, including civilians.  The Mexican War of Independence movement was led by Mexican-born Spaniards, Mestizos, Zambos and Amerindians who sought independence from Spain. It started as an idealistic peasants' rebellion against their colonial masters, but finally ended as an unlikely alliance between "liberales" (liberals) and "conservadores" (conservatives).  Mexican victory; expulsion of the Spanish colonial government and the signing of the Treaty of Cordoba.  

July 25, 1826.   As the Mexican republic matured, calls for the secularization ("disestablishment") of the missions increased.   José María de Echeandía, the first native Mexican to be elected Governor of Alta California, issued his "Proclamation of Emancipation" (or "Prevenciónes de Emancipacion") on July 25, 1826.  All Indians within the military districts of San Diego, Santa Barbara, and Monterey who were found qualified were freed from missionary rule and made eligible to become Mexican citizens. Those who wished to remain under mission tutelage were exempted from most forms of corporal punishment.  By 1830 even the neophyte populations themselves appeared confident in their own abilities to operate the mission ranches and farms independently; the padres, however, doubted the capabilities of their charges in this regard.  Ever-increasing immigration brought pressure to bear on local governments to seize the mission properties and dispossess the natives in accordance with Echeandía's directive

December 20, 1827   The Mexican government passed  the General Law of Expulsion legislation on  that mandated the expulsion of all Spanish born people younger than sixty years of age from Mexican territories, essentially decimating the clergy in California.  Governor Echeandía nevertheless intervened on behalf of some of the missionaries in order to prevent their deportation once the law of took effect in California.

August 17, 1833. The Mexican Congress nevertheless passed An Act for the Secularization of the Missions of California    The Act also provided for the colonization of both Alta and Baja California, the expenses of this latter move to be borne by the proceeds gained from the sale of the mission property to private interests.  Governor José Figueroa (who took office in 1833) initially attempted to keep the mission system intact.   Some of the missions were then nationalized by the Mexican government and sold off.  It was not until after statehood that the US Supreme Court restored some missions to the orders that owned them.

1833.  Sometimes identified as the end of the Mission Period.  The Ranchos replaces the Missions as the leading institution of California.   At the end of the Mexican War of Independence in 1821, there were two dozen functioning ranchos in the province.  By the end of the Mexican Era, there were several hundred.    The success of cattle ranching was caused by a number of factors:  1) climate and grazing lands 2) products that were useful - hides and tallow.  3) access to local markets 4) large export fleet as well as export of hides to the eastern USA, 5) open grazing policies, the registering of brands and the annual roundup 6) access to financing from vendors

March 9, 1842, "Mexican Gold Rush"  Rancho San Francisco was a land grant of 48,612 acres (196.7 km²) by Governor Juan B. Alvarado to Antonio del Valle, a Spanish army officer, in recognition for his service to the state of Alta California.  On March 9, 1842, according to "local lore" Francisco Lopez, the uncle of Antonio del Valle,'s second wife Jacoba Feliz, found gold flakes clinging to the roots of some wild onion he happened to be picking.  Lopez had studied mineralogy at the University of Mexico and it was likely he had been systematically looking for gold. .This sparked a gold rush on a much smaller scale than the more famous California Gold Rush several years later. About 2,000 people, mostly from the Mexican state of Sonora, came to Rancho San Francisco to mine the gold.  Six years before the better-publicized discovery in the Sacramento area (1848), Francisco Lopez made the first documented discovery of gold in California (the document is a mining claim signed by Gov. Juan B. Alvarado in that year). The discovery was made in Placerita Canyon, an area later used as Hollywood's original back lot.

 

 

May 13, 1846   Mexican–American War  After the United States declared war on Mexico, May 13, 1846, it took almost two months (mid-July 1846) for definite word of war to get to California. Upon hearing rumors of war, U.S. consul Thomas O. Larkin, stationed in Monterey, tried to keep peace between the Americans and the small Mexican military garrison commanded by José Castro. American army captain John C. Frémont, with about 60 well-armed men, had entered California in December 1845 and was making a slow march to Oregon when they received word that war between Mexico and the U.S. was imminent  During the Mexican–American War, Del Valle destroyed the mine to prevent the Americans from gaining access to it.

January 13, 1847 The Treaty of Cahuenga was signed by the Californios on  securing American control in California.

1848  California Gold Rush. 

September 9, 1850, California was admitted to the United States as a free state (one in which slavery was prohibited) as part of the Compromise of 1850, which was a series of bills aimed at resolving the territorial and slavery controversies arising from the Mexican-American War (1846–1848).  There were 5 law which balanced the interests of the slave states of the South and the free states to the north.  1) California was admitted as a free state; 2) Texas received financial compensation for relinquishing claim to lands east of the Rio Grande in what is now New Mexico; 3) the Territory of New Mexico (including present-day Arizona and a portion of southern Nevada) was organized without any specific prohibition of slavery; 4) the slave trade (but not slavery itself) was terminated in the District of Columbia; and 5) the stringent Fugitive Slave Law was passed, requiring all U.S. citizens to assist in the return of runaway slaves regardless of the legality of slavery in the specific states.

Civil War.  First of the great California oil booms as turpentine and kerosene were cut off. 

May 20, 1862.   President signed the Homestead Act, a federal law that gave an applicant freehold title to 160 acres  of undeveloped land outside of the original 13 colonies, provided they improve the land by farming.  The new law required three steps: file an application, improve the land, and file for deed of title. The South had resisted this "free farming" movement that had started in Preemption Act of 1841, which allowed squatters and the purchase of federal lands at a low price but no less than $1.25 per acre.   The South thought the "free farmers" would threaten plantation slavers.  Anyway, with the southern delegation absent from congress, the Homestead act passed. 

1866.  Congress passed the Mining Law of 1866 (US Government Law) gave discoverers rights to stake mining claims to extract gold, silver, cinnabar (the principal ore of mercury) and copper.

 

1872  Congress passed the General Mining Act of 1872 (US Government Law) which 1) expanded the minerals for which a claim could be made by including the wording was changed to "or other valuable deposits," 2) fixed the maximum size of lode claims as 1500 feet (457m) long and 600 feet (183m) wide. 3) created and  granted extralateral rights to lode claims.  "Extralateral rights" gave the owners of the surface outcrop of a vein the right to follow and mine the vein wherever it led, even if its subsurface extension continued beneath other mining claims. This provision, also known as the law of the apex led to lengthy litigation and even underground battles, e'g. at the California Comstock Lode.

 

Sept. 26, 1876, Charles Alexander Mentry brought in the state's first productive oil well at Mentryville, giving rise to the California oil industry. The oil was brought to a refinery at Newhall; today it is the oldest existing refinery in the world. (It was operational from 1874 to 1888.)

1876.  Bodie Gold Rush, Bodie, California (1876)

1877.    Credit for the discovery of the Comstock Lode is disputed. It is said to have been discovered in 1877

 

1884  Los Angeles Population  12,000.  Beginning Southern California "Boom of the 80s"

1886  Los Angeles Population 100,000

1887  Los Angeles County real estate sales reached $200 million

1888 End of the Southern California Land Craze and "Boom of the 80s" is over.
 

Bonanza King From: Desert Fever - Vredenburgh, Shumway, Hartill - 1981
An overview of mining in the California Desert Conservation Area -
  • 1880
    • n the spring of 1880, George Goreman and P. Dwyer, prospectors from Ivanpah, discovered rock that assayed from $640 to $5,000 a ton in silver. Their discovery, about 15 miles south of the old Macedonia District, was the birth of the Bonanza King Mine. By April the Trojan District had been organized, and a rush to locate claims had resulted. Andy McFarlane and Charley Hassen “concluded to try their luck, and were rewarded by the discovery of a wonderful bonanza.” Some of the other nearby mines included the Rattler, the Treasury, the Lucknow, the Mozart, and the Cashier. 92
    • On July 3, 1880, it was reported that ore was being prepared to ship to the Ivanpah Consolidated Mining and Milling Company at Ivanpah from the Bonanza King. However, further development was hampered by a lack of capital.
  • 1881
    • Sometime around the spring of 1881, J. D. Boyer and H. L. Drew, San Bernardino businessmen, purchased the mine. In June, 1881, they also paid $20,000 for the Pierce Mine. This was probably a good investment, seeing that $28,000 in ore had already come out of it, yet the remainder of 1881 is notably lacking in information from the mines. In December, 1881, J. B. Osborne, H. L. Drew, J. D. Boyer, and N. Hasson sold all their interest in the old Amargosa Mining District for $22,500. This sale gave H. L. Drew and Mr. Hasson, now in partnership with Mr. Osborne (of Calico fame), some extra money. Work was to begin at once on the Bonanza King, and negotiations for sale of their mines in the Providence Mountains were stopped. 93
  • 1882
    • On the Bonanza King, in January, 1882, a rich vein assaying $100 to $1,200 per ton was discovered and a plan was “on foot to erect a large mill there in a short time.” Instead of going through with these plans themselves, they sold the mine to the Bonanza King Consolidated Mining Company, reportedly for $200,000. 94
    • In July, 1882, a new hoisting works arrived for the Bonanza King Mine via Colton, and a ten-stamp mill built by Prescott, Scott and Company of San Francisco was freighted from Mojave by Remi Nadeau. All was in preparation for the mill. Between 100 and 150 men had actively been employed since May or June. The main shaft was being sunk by 3 shifts of men, and some 2,000 tons of ore worth $230 a ton sat waiting on the dump. A post office had opened in June, and the town of Providence was born. 95
    • In the meantime, the Southern Pacific was rushing its way east from Mojave to stop the A and P before it reached California. The S. P. Railroad was open to Waterman (Barstow) on October 23, 1882, and to Goffs on March 19, 1883. This no doubt was pleasant news to the owners of the Bonanza King who, in January, 1883, shipped their first 11 bars of bullion worth $19,000.
  • 1883
    • During the first 12 days of February, 1883, they shipped an additional $28,300 in bullion. The mill was turning out 2,000 ounces of 930-fine silver a day! 96
       
  • 1884
    • In July, 1884, Thomas Ewing, the superintendent, reported ‘the Bonanza King is better opened up, better worked, and we have obtained better results from the ore than any other mine in this great mineral desert. Nearly one million dollars has been taken out from the mine in 18 months and ten days.' 97
       
  • 1885
    • The mine continued to make good profits, but at a high cost. A February 3, 1885 letter to the Calico Print blasted foreman H. C. Callahan and shift boss John O'Donnell for being “heartless task masters.... forcing men to work more than their health and strength will permit.”
    • On March 11, 1885, the mines and mill were shut down, and virtually all the miners left. About a week later, the mines reopened with only 15 miners who earned $3 instead of the previous $4. The owners claimed the low price of silver forced the action.
    • By the end of March 1885, 35 to 40 men were back at the mine, which previously employed from 150 to 200. In order to attract additional workers, the company purchased advertising space in the Calico Print. 98
    • It was not until about June 20, 1885 that the mill started up again. The company was milling 24 tons of ore a day, and in one month, 24 bars of bullion had been produced.
    • However, just two weeks later, on July 31, 1885, the mill burned to the ground, “the mines closed down and the owners, after collecting the insurance, went east, probably with a sign of relief.” 99
    • In terms of how much silver had been produced, Dr. Henry De Groot had reported (in 1890) that the mine had produced $60,000 a month, “the ore averaging one hundred dollars per ton.” The mill operated more or less continuously from January, 1883, to March, 1885, and during June, 1885. This is a total of 28 months which would equal about $1,700,000. 100
       
  • 1885 to 1890
    • Little took place on the Bonanza King property after the mill burned.
    • At the nearby Kerr Mine, a five-stamp mill was erected late in 1885. This mill ran continuously at least until 1890 and paid good dividends. 101
    • The spring after the mill burned, the Wallapai Tribune reported that a railroad was being surveyed to Providence and that a smelter would be erected at Needles as soon as the railroad was completed.
  • 1890. 
    • In 1890 it was rumored the company intended to erect a twenty-stamp mill to replace the old mill, but this was not done.
  • Not much happened.
     
  • 1906
    • In 1906 the Bonanza King Mine was reactivated by the Trojan Mining Company. They installed a ten-stamp mill powered by three gasoline engines. The mine was active only until September, 1907, but the property was examined and a thorough report was written. This aroused a great deal of interest, and in 1914 Hall Rawitser and Company of Massachusetts purchased the mine, beginning development work. With Mr. J. C. Gerney as superintendent, the mine was again a producer by 1915. 102


      The company totally revamped the mill, and during 1919 was treating 40 tons of the old dumps a day. Some rich ore at this time was shipped and reportedly carried 100 to 500 ounces of silver a ton. Operations were suspended in 1920. During 1923 the property was leased to the Bonanza King Consolidated Mines Company, and 6 men were employed, working on the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth levels. One carload of ore was shipped in May, 1924.
    •  

 

92. San Bernardino Weekly Times , July 3, 1880; Colton Semi Tropic , April 24, May 1, 1880.

93. San Bernardino Weekly Times , July 3, 1880; San Bernardino Valley Index , June 3, December 31, 1881.

94. San Bernardino Valley Index , January 21, 1881; Crossman, January 3, 1891.

95. San Bernardino Weekly Times , June 1, 1882; Frickstad, 1955, p. 144.

96. Myrick, 1963, pp.765,766; San Bernardino Weekly Times , Jan. 20, February 17, 1883.

97. L. A. Ingersoll, Ingersoll's Century Annals of San Bernardino County California, 1769 to 1904 (Los Angeles: L. A. Ingersoll, 1904) pp. 62,63,281.

98. Calico Print, February 15, March 29, May 3, 1885.

99. Ibid., June 21, July 19, 1885; Myrick, 1963, pp. 765,766.

100. DeGroot, 1890, p. 532.

101. Kingman The Wallapai Tribune , April 10, 1886; DeGroot, 1890, p. 532; Calico Print, July 19, 1885.

102. Redlands Citrograph , March 31, December 8, 1906; Cloudman, 1919, p. 227.

103. Tucker, 1921, p. 360; W. B. Tucker, “Los Angeles Field Division, San Bernardino County,” California Mining Bureau Report 20 , 1924, p. 198.